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Breed Characteristics
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Estrela Mountain Dog
| Other Names | Cão da Serra da Estrela, Portuguese Shepherd, Serra da Estrela Mountain Dog |
| Nicknames | Estrela |
| Country of Origin | Portugal and Spain |
| Weight | Males: 99 – 132 lbs. (45 – 60 kg ) Females: 77 – 99 lbs. (35 – 45 kg ) |
| Height (at withers) | Males: 25 ½ - 28 ½ in. (65 - 72 cm) Females: 24 ½ - 27 in. (62 - 68 cm) |
| Coat | The Estrela Mountain dog comes in two coat types. Both types should have coat resembling the texture of goat hair. Long coat: The thick, slightly coarse outer coat lies close over the body and may be flat or slightly waved, but never curly. Undercoat is very dense and normally lighter in color than the outer coat. The hair on the front sides of the legs and the head is short and smooth. Hair on the ears diminishes in length from the base of the ears to the tips. The hair on the neck, the buttocks, the tail, and the back side of the legs is longer resulting in a ruff at the neck, breeches on the buttocks and backs of the legs, and feathering on the tail. The males can have a "lion's mane". Short coat: The outer coat is short, thick, and slightly coarse, with a shorter dense undercoat. Any feathering should be in proportion. |
| Colour | Fawn, wolf gray and yellow, with or without bridling, white markings or shadings of black throughout the coat. All colours have a dark facial mask, preferably black. Blue colouration is very undesirable. |
| Litter Size | 2 - 8 puppies, average 4 - 5 |
| Life Span | 10 - 14 years |
| Origin & History | The breed has been developed in the mountains of Serra da Estrela, in what is now Portugal. The Estrela Mountain Dog is one of the oldest breeds in Portugal. The earliest of the Estrela ancestors were herd-guarding dogs in the Serra da Estrela, in what is now Portugal. Since there are no written records, it is not known for sure whether the ancestors which contributed to this breed were brought by the Romans when they colonized the Iberian Peninsula, or later by the invading Visigoths. Regardless, there is no disagreement that the Estrela is one of the oldest breeds in Portugal. Those early guardian dogs were not the distinct breed we know today. Rather, the Estrela developed over a period of hundreds of years. Shepherds would have chosen to breed the dogs that had the characteristics necessary to survive in their mountain environment and to do their job: large size, strength, endurance, agility, a deep chest, ability to tolerate a marginal diet, the set of the legs, a powerful mouth, a tuft of hair around the neck, an easy, jog-like gait, a warm coat, and a watchful, mistrustful, yet loyal temperament. Since the region was isolated, there was little breeding with non-native dogs, leading to the purity of the breed. Life changed little for the people and dogs of the region, even into the 20th century. The isolation of the region meant the breed was relatively unknown outside it until the early 1900s, and even then, they were mostly ignored in early dog shows. The Portuguese admired foreign breeds much more than their own. Shepherds often castrated their dogs to prevent them from leaving their flocks to mate. These factors had a negative effect on the Estrela. So from 1908 to 1919, special shows called concursos were held to promote and preserve the Estrela breed in the region. During this period there was some attempt at a registry (of which there is no surviving record). Special livestock guardian working trials were included in these shows. The trial consisted of an owner/shepherd bringing his dog into a large field with many flocks of sheep. The dog was observed by judges for its reactions coming into the field and as the shepherd was ordered to move the flock, which inevitably produced stragglers. The dog was expected to move from his spot of guarding to bring the stragglers back, and then assume a leadership position at the head of the flock. The first, tentative, recorded breed standard was published in 1922. This standard only reflected the functional features naturally found in the best dogs of the time, although it did mention having dew claws as reflecting a “perfect” dog. The characteristic hooked tail and turned-back (rosed) ears, which later became part of the official standard, were not mentioned in this preliminary standard. The first official breed standard was written in 1933. This standard attempted to differentiate the Estrela as a distinct breed. This led to the hooked tail and double dew claws becoming a requirement. All colors were allowed. The standard has undergone small refinements since then. For example, dew claws became optional by 1955, and the allowed colors have been limited a few times to achieve today’s current set. Prior to World War II, the Estrela breeders were still primarily the shepherds and farmers of the region. Since they were mostly illiterate, they did not make any attempt to follow the official breed standard, if they even knew one existed. But by the early 1950s, interest in the breed returned, and the annual concursos were reinstated. Again the intent was to stimulate interest among the Serra residents and to encourage them to adhere to the official standard. During this period, the long-haired variety was most popular at shows, but “show dogs” represented (and still do) only a small portion of the Estrela population in Portugal. Many of the working dogs were (and are) short-haired. Early in the 1970s, interest was steeply declining. There was some concern about the degeneration and even possible extinction of the breed. But the Portuguese revolution of 1974 helped save the Estrela. It led to changes both in dog shows in Portugal and in Portuguese dog breeds. Prior to the revolution, dog showing had largely been a pastime of the wealthy, with their preference for non-Portuguese breeds as status symbols. Now, working people could and did show the native dogs they preferred. Also, with the revolution came an increase in crime and thus more interest in guard dogs. There is no record of the Estrela outside Portugal prior to 1972. While some undoubtedly did leave the country, they were probably interbred, with no effort to maintain the breed. In 1972 and 1973, pairs were imported to the US. Others were probably imported into the US since then, but it was not until 1998 that the first papered dog was imported into the United States. The United Kingdom was the first country to establish the breed outside Portugal in 1972. Today the Estrela can be found in many countries. Today, the Estrela Mountain Dog remains true to its guardian heritage. It is still a working dog, guarding flocks in its native Portugal and elsewhere (the Portuguese Marines had even used them as patrol dogs). It is also an ideal family pet because of its alertness, loyalty, intelligence, and its instinct to nurture young; all features it needed in its earliest days. |
| Personality | Loyal, affectionate to owners, aloof to others. Intelligent and alert. Self-willed yet trainable. The Estrela is Portuguese and was bred to fight wolves to protect sheep. They are very defensive of their territory. They should be well socialized, preferably when young with both dogs and people, especially with children, as the breed tends to be naturally wary of strangers, though they are very friendly with those they know. In order to successfully keep an Estrela Mountain Dog, the family must achieve pack leader status. It is a natural instinct for a dog to have an order in their pack. When we humans live with dogs, we become their pack. The entire pack cooperates under a single leader; lines are clearly defined and rules are set. Because a dog communicates his displeasure with growling and eventually biting, all other humans MUST be higher up in the order than the dog. The humans must be the ones making the decisions, not the dogs. That is the only way your relationship with your dog can be a complete success. |
Care Requirements
| Health | As with all large breeds the Estrela Mountain Dog may have difficulties with canine hip dysplasia and carefully checking the Breeding lines is highly recommended. Various types of cancers may also be present in the breed but again this is very typical of many of the larger breeds of dogs. The Estrela Mountain Dog may also have growth problems known as OCD or osteochondritis dissecans that occurs when the cartilage in young dogs grows incorrectly around joints. This can cause movement problems and pain for the growing puppy. There are different treatment options but dogs with OCD should not be used as breeding stock. |
| Grooming | Depending on the long or short coat variety the grooming requirements will differ slightly. The long coated variety of Estrela Mountain Dog will require more regular grooming to prevent the furnishings from matting, as well as removing the dead hair from the coat. The shorter haired variety is less prone to tangles in the furnishings but still requires at least twice a week grooming to keep the coat looking in top condition. A slicker brush and a rake are the best options for grooming tools. First use the grooming rake to clear all knots, tangles and mats from the coat, following with the slicker brush to provide a smooth and shiny surface. A metal comb can be used to keep the furnishings on the legs and tail free from knots and tangles. Occasionally the breed may be trimmed but this is a choice of the owner, not a requirement. Since the Estrela Mountain Dog has a naturally protective oil to the coat to allow it to withstand wet and cold conditions it is important not to bathe this breed unless necessary. Care must be taken to avoid using any type of harsh soap or human hair products on these dogs as this can cause the coat and skin to dry out, leaving the coat lifeless and damaged. Always use the best possible quality dog shampoos and conditioners and be very sure to rinse any residue out of the coat when the bath is completed. |
| Exercise | The Estrela Mountain Dog is used to moving about a great deal in guarding and herding flocks of sheep. This breed loves to be outdoors and to have a medium to large yard to explore and walk around in. They are wonderful dogs for active families that love to hike, jog or run, however they do prefer a cooler climate rather than a very hot climate. The Estrela Mountain Dog needs at least one long period of exercise per day. This can be a long walk, an off the leash run or just a good romp in the yard or the park with kids or a companion dog. Since they are not typically dog aggressive they are great to exercise off leash as they are loyal and true guard dogs, vary rarely if ever wandering off or leaving their owners. As protective dogs they will often pace the perimeter of the yard to ensure that the area is safe several times before finding a vantage point to sit and guard from. In the house the Estrela Mountain Dog tends to be very quiet and not disruptive or rambunctious. As puppies they will need more exercise and activities than mature dogs, but any age is generally calm and well behaved provided they have their regular exercise. The breed can be used in herding competitions and this provides excellent mental and physical exercise to keep them in shape and alert. |
| Other Considerations | They do not do well in small spaces and are not recommended for apartments or small houses without a yard. |
